How to Become a Successful Entrepreneur Free Essays

Chapter by chapter list Introduction Generally individuals feel that a business visionary is a visionary, someone with good thoughts who is anxious to face gigantic challenges. Anyway having an extreme development from the nothing is overpowering except for exceptionally uncommon. To be fruitful, it is basic to think uniquely in contrast to the easygoing masterminds. We will compose a custom paper test on The most effective method to Become a Successful Entrepreneur or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now The point of this paper is to show how we, an investigation gathering of five understudies could concoct a thought in an innovative manner and experience an elaboration procedure toward the acknowledgment utilizing the hypothetical systems. In the initial segment I will depict how my gathering experienced the thought producing procedure and considered the possibility of the CPH Bike SOS with the assistance of the Design Thinking Method. Our multilateral assistance development has three columns, every one of them with the intend to respond to the inquiry: Where would we be able to find support in the event that we have any issue with our bicycle when the shops are shut? Living in Copenhagen, we have understood that there is a market hole on the administration market of the bicycle shops. Then again, taking a gander at the market portion, we are certain, that there is an unsatisfied need. The second piece of the paper will concentrate on the hypothetical system of the dea. I will characterize the sort of our development, after which I will choose about the kind of the firm we should begin to understand the thought, and afterward the center will move to the required assets and joint efforts we have to get the thought off to the market. Toward the finish of my work, I will take a look on what sort of the kind of conceivable outcomes we must be effective later on and how to build up the thought further. Producing thoughts In this part I might want to portray our procedure of creating the thought. It is an extremely significant piece of the assignment we were chipping away at, since it clarifies how our gathering ent through an advancement from the easygoing thinking to the strong thinking thus thinking on a progressively innovative way. In my group we are five young ladies, every one of us are outsiders here in Denmark, and we have very various foundations. We had a few challenges to locate an innovative plan to take a shot at. On one hand the issue was the way that we didn't have any acquaintance with one another previously, so there was an underlying period of trust-building. We needed to acclimate with the circumstance to banter on each other’s thoughts. Then again, we understood that when we had a thought which was an immediate answer for ome issues thus Just the last advance of a whole procedure. So we began the procedure over and over to return to thinking â€Å"out about the box†. As purpose of takeoff we utilized the technique actualized by IDEO. (Figure 1) : Figure : Design Thinking Model of IDEO (Source of Image) Inspiration †What is the issue? In the motivation stage, we needed to discover the same number of thoughts as we could, to have a more extensive territory. As referenced, we didn't have any acquaintance with one another, and we didn't have the foggiest idea what could be the basic interests, understanding or issues. We utilized the â€Å"Bird In The Hand† Principle to investigate the realities what we have in that spot. As Sarasvathy summarizes it, rather than having one arrangement and finding the best approach to arrive at it, we should make a stride back and characterize the methods which can lead us to a decent chance. So the initial step was characterizing the structure wherein we are looking for conceivable outcomes with the accompanying three inquiries: â€Å"Who right? † We began to glance through the highlights which depict us thus along which we can discover a few issues we as a whole share for all intents and purpose. For whatever length of time that we are for the most part outsiders, our greatest issues are around living without the recognizable things that we were encircled by consistently and becoming acclimated to another method of living. We live here without our families, we needed to organize lodging for ourselves, we are getting acclimated with biking each day. Then again we are understudies, investing energy in considering, we as a whole have a constrained financial plan, at that point we are for the most part young ladies who love style, we cook for ourselves, do staple goods, we tune in to music and go out, and so on. Without realizing each other we prevailing to locate various basic points as a decent introductory. What do We concentrate together yet our past instruction is unique. One piece of the gathering examined global business with the goal that piece of the gathering has a more business riented perspective, while the other piece of the gathering has a more plan arranged trainin g. The majority of us have lived in various nations other than our nation of origin, so we have understanding to various frameworks. We additionally have working experience that helped us in having a knowledge of the organizations. â€Å"Whom do we know? † With this inquiry, as Sarasvathy proposes, we need to characterize the wellsprings of our insight, for example, our social and expert systems. At the point when an issue was thought of, we characterized the relative gatherings we can have any data from. It is essential to think about any partner, as long as smart thoughts can come rom the most surprising sources. With all these given methods we characterized a portion of the issues, interests and challenges that we are right now looking in like manner. In the system of’s model of Entrepreneurial Thinking †Effectual Reasoning, we characterized various issues based on the given methods depicted above, for which there is no wonderful arrangement available. On Figure 2 1 might want to give a few guides to our procedure of utilizing the technique for the â€Å"Bird in the Hand† Principle. Figure : Entrepreneurial reasoning †Pool of thoughts (Source: Sarasvathy, 2001) At this oint of the thought age we needed to pick one among the few given. To pick one, we began conceptualizing whether we have any thought for an answer or not. So this is the second enormous advance of the thought creation in the Design Thinking Model. Ideation †â€Å"How may we take care of the issue? For whatever length of time that we would not like to constrain ourselves, we began to scan for answer for some issues we have found. From the most abnormal till the most common thought, we gathered everything, in light of the fact that even ill-conceived notions can be the wellspring of some great arrangements. On Figure 3 1 snow some envisioned finishes ot the issues. Figure : Using Entrepreneurial Thinking †Effectual Reasoning for making the though t (wellspring of picture: Sarasvathy, 2001) Finally we sticked to finding an answer for an ordinary issue: Where would we be able to find support in the event that we have any issue with our bicycle, when the bicycle shops are shut? We discovered this issue fascinating as long as we as a whole have bicycles, and a few of us have just experienced how it is the point at which you need some assistance and nothing is open. In addition, biking concerns us as well as the significant piece of the habitants of Copenhagen. As indicated by the Bicycle Account 2012, 75 % of Copenhageners utilize their bicycle consistently. Another astonishing insights is that 36 % of each and every individual who studies or works here utilizations the bicycle each day. So with an answer for the inquiry above, we can say, that we would arrive at the significant piece of the Danish capital. Biking has factually estimated benefits both for us and for nature. For example, as the examination appears, at present rate 90,000 T of C02 every year spared by cycling in Copenhagen. At that point, as indicated by the 56% of the Copenhageners, it is quicker than some other method of going since we don't stuck in a road turned parking lot and we can without much of a stretch discover easy routes. It is unquestionably more advantageous as well. Be that as it may, it can cause some burden just as postponements regarding to our timetable, in the event of issues. For instance imagine a scenario in which you get a cut moving back home around evening time. 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In House Training Program

Question: Plan and Develop a one day in-house preparing system to address the preparation for improving the aptitudes in Customer administration and quality confirmation of the staffs in an eatery Called DFood Connection, Melbourne for server and bar staffs . As a base, you should incorporate the accompanying data: and being founded on the talk slides and significant material. Answer: Presentation The requirement for preparing mirrors the distinction between the ordinary exhibitions and the genuine presentation. Preparing assists with overcoming any issues between the typical exhibitions and the genuine presentation. The hole is the purpose behind which preparing is required. One of the most significant elements of the preparation and advancement is the capacity of the executives. It can likewise be depicted as the instructive methodology that helps in redesigning the aptitudes. This thus helps in expanding the efficiency just as prompts work fulfillment. Preparing likewise assists with upgrading the aptitudes (Fleck Kraemer, 2014). Association. Portrayal of the Organization The eatery business is a basic piece of the friendliness segment. DFood Connection is a perfect people agreeable café. It gives a wide scope of staples that fulfills and satisfies the customers. The Restaurants give the food that incorporates the Asian classis, western cooking styles just as blend nourishments. This specific café is open on the seven days from 10 am in the first part of the day to 7 pm at night. It is situated in the Melbourne Central. The Importance of the Training I have to give legitimate in-house preparing to the staffs in an eatery, which will help them in setting aside the time and cash of the café. Along these lines, it is imperative to guarantee that the in-house preparing is given to everybody beginning from the servers to the kitchen staffs. This will assist them with remaining outstanding in the profoundly serious market. It is basic to work with master just as dependable coaches for an attractive outcome. I have to give the in-house preparing to the laborers in the eatery with the goal that they become notable in regards to the proper food taking care of practices so as to keep up the sanitation. For example, staffs who are appropriately prepared must realize how to safeguard certain nourishments at the essential temperature or the prerequisite to clean the hand before taking part in the food planning strategy. Laborers who appreciate food security practices can sidestep instances of food harmful and maintain a strategic distance fr om staple deterioration or scatter because of disease (Burke, 2013). The preparation identified with the client assistance ought to likewise be provided so as to guarantee that the clients come back to the café just as suggest their companions and family members. It has been accounted for that the clients for the most part incline toward setting off to a café where they see the encompassing as wonderful. The middle factor of consumer loyalty is in this way the best possible preparing offered identified with client support. An all around prepared staff addresses a client all the more graciously or makes a special effort to concede them with extraordinary help. Preparing motivation furnish the laborers with exact specification of their obligations and make conceivable a lovely sounding connection between laborers (B. DiPietro et al., 2013). A preparation program in a café likewise covers the standard of the quality among different attributes of exchange. Preparing causes the staffs to satisfy the obligations as per the norms. For instance, a very much prepared cook will have the option to deal with the wellbeing of the food and set it up well. So also, the servers will likewise have the option to serve the clients thoughtfully on a solid premise (Flores et al., 2012).Participants Being a mentor, as indicated by me the members will be for the most part those people who are inside the age gathering of 20-30 years. This is on the grounds that an eatery will incline toward those people who are youthful and are fast. So as to give the preparation for client care, those people will be picked who will have a decent correspondence expertise yet they will given the preparation essentially on the persistence and consistency. The learners will be given the preparation on the most proficient method to deal with the perturbed clients that is those clients who blows up without any problem. The members will be prepared on the most proficient method to turn into a polite ser ver and serve the food as needs be. The Cohort of Who Need To Participate In the Program As a mentor I have to isolate the gathering in two structures. The primary gathering will comprise of those people who are not awesome at correspondence. Along these lines, I have to give them preparing on correspondence with the goal that they can give quality client care. The subsequent gathering will comprise of those people who needs up degree on their aptitudes. In the event that I furnish them with the information how to redesign the aptitudes, at that point they will have the option to give quality assurance.Participants Benefit From the Program Training is methods of improving the productivity in the current workforce. Preparing isn't just significant yet it is essential. Preparing makes an organization alluring to potential newcomers who look to improve the aptitudes and the chances. A preparation plan connects with the sorted out preparing and improvement of individuals inside the affi liation so they, and the association, can achieve their points and both private and business objectives (Posavac, 2015). Both the members and the association would profit by the preparation program. This is the essential each association has a coach and it is our obligation to give legitimate preparing to the staffs. The advantages are as follows:1. The businesses are continually changing thus it is crucial for the association to create to avoid being deserted. Being a coach, I will prepare the laborers to allow them to grasp the most recent advancement and patterns inside the business. The world is ceaselessly creating with the new apparatus or new internet based life. The preparation will assist the representatives with keeping pace with the advancement. The preparation program will assist with expanding the efficiency. This will assist the staff with understanding all the more yet in addition it will help in picking up certainty. 2. It will assist with keeping up the information and expertise and update themselves as a representative. Program Plan Learning hypothesis Cognitive learning the intellectual hypothesis will assist with concentrating on an obvious change in mental information. It is about the adjustment in what the student knows about as opposed to what the individual achieve (Schunk Zimmerman, 2012).The understanding learning just as the dormant learning is the two constituent of intellectual learning. Under this learning hypothesis situation the staffs will secure plans and arrangements as opposed to acquiring propensities. The intellectual learning hypothesis incorporates some fundamental ideas which are as per the following: Monitoring taking in gaining from an alternate individual by methods for checking them is a productive method of picking up data and fluctuating conduct (Camps-Valls et al., 2014). Self viability in this course the staffs will improve his as of late instructed data or conduct by incorporating it (Schwarzer, 2014). Self tyrant implies it is the methods for controlling the conduct even in an un favorable domain (Odonnell et al., 2013).Social learning hypothesis it helps in accentuating the significance of survey and demonstrating the practices, approaches and powerful responses of others. In social learning hypothesis, separation subjective systems are said to have some result on execution as investigated by the desires for the people about the determination of a specific conduct that copies these impacts (Akers Jennings, 2015). The learning speculations give some primary standards of realizing with the goal that surmising of these qualities in preparing may offer possibilities of the motivation of the student and encourage their insight (Kolb, 2012).Needs Theory David McClelland proposed the need hypothesis. This hypothesis helps in clarifying the requirements for achievement, power just as relationship that influences the activity of the person from the dynamic setting (Forbes, 2015). Program Objectives The program targets are as follows:1. Client care one of the program destinations in a program plan is the conveyance of value client care throughout the preparation. It will rely upon the kind of the administration gave by the staffs to the clients that will make the clients come back to the café. Administrative goals associated with purchaser administration focuses on perceiving client prospects and fusing these possibilities into the demonstration of program group (Batt, 2014).2. Quality in a program, anticipating quality is required which thus requires fixation to the points of interest and presenting an attention on halting difficulties as opposed to simply responding to inconveniences once it has occurred. In an arranging program, the goals of value incorporates getting it right the first run through and disseminating and advancing the significance circulated to program end customers (Goetsch Davis, 2014).3. Timescales the timescale of a program plan approximates the measure o f time that is imperative to finish the goals of the program (Sen et al., 2012).4. Objectives so as to execute the activity and vision of an eatery, the program objectives are significant. So in the in-house preparing it is critical to give the learning of the objectives. Calendar and Planned Activities Correspondence between the mentor and the learner identified with presentation Brief depiction of the preparation module Short break Training with the assistance of introduction Lunch Break Verbal Training Game meeting Short Break Review of the Session Quality confirmation knowledgeMethod of conveyance As a coach, I have chosen the technique for conveyance as visual introduction just as verbal correspondence. I have utilized Prezi so that the in house instructional meetings don't resemble a force introduction. The key rules for effective preparing program are furnishing the preparation with the assistance of visual guide

Memorial Day Quotes by Ronald Reagan

Remembrance Day Quotes by Ronald Reagan Fortieth President of the United States, Ronald Reagan was a man of numerous hues. Beginning his profession as a radio supporter and afterward as an on-screen character, Reagan proceeded onward to serve the country as a fighter. He at last hopped into the political field to get one of the stalwarts of American governmental issues. In spite of the fact that he began his political profession very late throughout everyday life, it set aside him no effort to arrive at the Holy Grail of US legislative issues. Ronald Reagan won the races and was selected as the President of United States of America in 1980. Reagan Was a Good Communicator Ronald Reagan was a decent communicator. His discourses roused millions everywhere throughout the world. He had the talent of arriving at each American soul with his blending words. His faultfinders excused his accomplishments, guaranteeing that he smooth-talked his way into the White House. Be that as it may, he quieted his faultfinders by serving two full terms as President. Reagan demonstrated that he was not loaded with sight-seeing; he was a President who implied business. Military Climate During Reagans Tenure At the point when Reagan became ​president, he had acquired a demoralized military, which had experienced the desolates of the Vietnam War. In any case, Reagan considered this to be an open door for America to prepare herself through the Cold War. Indeed, Reagan was instrumental in finishing the Cold War on account of his smooth discretion and determined military techniques. It was the beginning of another period in American legislative issues. Reagan, alongside his Russian comrade Mikhail Gorbachev had quickened the harmony development by completion the Cold War. Soviet Unions Love-Hate Relationship With Reagan Ronald Reagan tremendously refreshing American estimations of opportunity, freedom, and solidarity. He embraced these standards in his addresses. Reagan talked about his vision of a dynamic America, considering it a sparkling city on a slope. He later explained his representation by saying, In my brain, it was a tall pleased city based on rocks more grounded than seas, wind-cleared, God-favored, and abounding with individuals of assorted types living in amicability and peace.Though Reagan was broadly scrutinized for working up the weapons contest with the Soviet Union, many comprehended this as an essential insidiousness to moderate the Cold War. Reagans bet took care of when the Soviet Union, empowered by Americas utilized muscles, decided to pull the atomic weapons contest into invert gear. Reagan communicated his repugnance for war by saying, It isn't bombs and rockets yet conviction and resolve it is quietude before God that is at last the wellspring of Americas quality as a coun try. Reagans Famous Words on Memorial Day On Memorial Day, Ronald Reagan tended to America with energetic words. His words contacted a harmony in each heart. Reagan talked about energy, chivalry, and opportunity in moving words. His enthusiastic addresses reminded Americans that they had purchased their opportunity with the blood of the saints who kicked the bucket safeguarding the country. Reagan loaded acclaim on the groups of saints and veterans. Peruse some Memorial Day cites by Ronald Reagan beneath. On the off chance that you share his energy and soul, spread the message of tranquility on Memorial Day.â May 26, 1983: I dont need to reveal to you how delicate this valuable endowment of opportunity is. Each time we hear, watch or read the news, we are reminded that freedom is an uncommon ware in this world.Arlington National Cemetery, May 31, 1982: The United States and the opportunity for which it stands, the opportunity for which they passed on, must suffer and flourish. Their lives advise us that opportunity isn't purchased inexpensively. It has a cost; it forces a weight. Furthermore, similarly as they whom we recognize were happy to forfeit, so too should we-in a less last, less brave way be eager to give of ourselves.May 25, 1981: Today, the United States remains as a signal of freedom and equitable quality before the network of countries. We are set out to stand firm against the individuals who might obliterate the opportunities we treasure. We are resolved to accomplish a suffering harmony a harmony with freedom and with respect. This assurance, this determination, is th e most elevated tribute we can pay to the numerous who have fallen in the administration of our Nation. Arlington National Cemetery, May 31, 1982Our objective is harmony. We can pick up that harmony by fortifying our unions, by talking genuinely about the perils before us, by guaranteeing potential foes of our reality, by effectively seeking after each opportunity of legit and productive negotiation.May 26, 1983: We owe this opportunity of decision and activity to those people in uniform who have served this country and its inclinations in period of scarcity. Specifically, we are always obliged to the individuals who have given their lives that we may be free.Arlington National Cemetery, May 31, 1982: I cant guarantee to know the expressions of all the national songs of devotion on the planet, yet I dont know about some other that closes with an inquiry and a test as our own does: Does that banner despite everything wave oer the place where there is the free and the home of the fearless? That is the thing that we should all ask.October 27, 1964: You and I have a meeting with fate . We will protect for our kids this, the last best any expectation of man on earth, or we will condemn them to venture out a thousand years of dimness. On the off chance that we come up short, in any event let our kids and our childrens youngsters state of us we legitimized our concise second here. We did everything that can possibly be finished. Phoenix Chamber of Commerce, March 30, 1961: Freedom is never more than one age away from termination. We didn't pass it to our youngsters in the circulation system. It must be battled for, secured, and gave on for them to do likewise, or one day we will spend our dusk years telling our kids and our childrens kids what it was once similar to in the United States where men were free.

Organisational Survival Essay - 275 Words

Organisational Survival (Essay Sample) Content: ORGANISATIONAL SURVIVAL STRATEGIESInstitutionNameCourseTutorDateORGANISATIONAL SURVIVAL STRATEGIESThe present day economic environment has madeit very important for organisations to take various measures to ensure their survival. This is especially so in the Health care field where competation is stiff. There are various startegies that a health care organization can implement in order to survive the prevailing harsh economic times. This paper will discuss three strategies namely; co-optation, goal multiplication and expansion and finally Bureaucratic imperialism.The first strategy is co-optation. This is a strategy that involves adapting and responding to changes in the organiasationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s external environment (Joan and Charles 1984 Pg 17). To respond to the changes, the organization would introduce new services to the ,market in order to maintain the profit margin. At the same time, sevices that are no longer profitably vialbe will be done away with to reduce the operational cost.Selzinick (Pg 13, 1966) summarize co-optattion as the realistic adjustment of the centers of the organizational strength.The second startegyy is goal multiplication and expansion. This is the process by which the organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s goals and objectives are modififed. The modification is done in such a way as to have a positive impact in the organization. In goal multiplication, the organization will retain the old goals already set while at the same time setting new goals to be achieved in the near future. This will help the organization to measure its performance by achieving these goals. Goal expansion on the other hand involves retaining the old goals but adding variations as the prevailing conditions will dictate.In the final strategy, that is Bureaucratic imperialism, the organization will focus on gaining a competitive edge over the competitors so as to retain its clients as well as attracting new ones from the competitors. To gain a competitive edge ,...

Teen Pregnancy Issues And How It Affects Our Teens And...

An assessment of Teen Pregnancy Issues Tasha Arlen HUMS 390 Tracey Rollins May 1, 2015 Abstract Through this paper I will explain teen pregnancy issues and how it affects our teens and their children. I will discuss the physical/ emotional, medical and financial strain placed on teenage parents. Teen pregnancy can affect everyone in different ways. I will also so explain some programs to help with teen pregnancy. An assessment of Teen Pregnancy Issues For many years teen pregnancy has been a national social problem. Views have changed over the years as society has started to adapt to the thought of teen pregnancy. â€Å"Growing evidence suggests that pre-existing academic and economic hardships play a role in the continuing struggles of teen mothers. While 85% of young women who delay having their first child until at least twenty or twenty – one obtain a high school diploma or GED, only 63% of mothers who give birth by age seventeen do so† (Crosson- Tower p255) Teen pregnancy is very risky to the baby. Pregnant teen can struggle with many medical issues during their pregnancy. Premature births are common is young parents. A full term pregnancy is forty weeks, any birth before thirty seven weeks is considered a premature birth. The earlier the child is born the more medical problems the baby can have, such as developmental issues. Along with premature birth usually comes low birth weight. Teen parents can have poor eating habits, they couldShow MoreRelatedTeen Pregnancy Essay1667 Words   |  7 PagesTeenage pregnancy has long been acknowledged as an important health, social and economic problem in the United States, one that creates hardships for women and families and threatens the health and well-being of women and their infants. 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Health benefits are needed forRead MoreThe Sociological Viewpoint Toward Social Problems Essay1077 Words   |  5 Pagesinteraction with society can oftentimes be influenced by forces outside of the single individual’s control or area of power. The author of one of our texts, Anna Leon-Guerrero, who is a Professor of Sociology at Pacific Lutheran University, writes that â€Å"Unlike any other discipline, sociology provides us with a form of self-consciousness, an awareness that our personal experiences are often caused by structural or social forces (Leon -Guerrero, 2010). Certain problems are considered significant, or moreRead MoreSexual Education Should Be Taught At Public Schools1219 Words   |  5 Pagesoccur in our society today. Some of the debates are viewed as being unnecessary. While others are looked at as more serious topics, one of the newest debates is whether or not sexual education should be taught to our youth of today in public schools. 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We have shows such as â€Å"Teen Mom† and â€Å"16 and pregnant,†Read MoreThe Causes Of Adolescent Pregnancy Essay1352 Words   |  6 Pagessome of the causes of adolescent pregnancy and some of the programs put into place to help decrease the number of pregnant teenagers and teens with STD’s. â€Å"Teenager is defined as between 13 and 19 years old.† (Merriam Webster, 2016) â€Å"Pregnancy is defined as the condition of a woman or female animal that is going to have a baby or babies.† (Merriam Webster, 2016) Teen pregnancy in the United States is still an epidemic. The number of babies delivered by teen pregnancies in 2014 was 249,078. That isRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Is A Serious Issue982 Words   |  4 PagesThe social issue I will be addressing throughout my paper is teen pregnancy. The term teen pregnancy is referring to teens between the ages of 13-19 who become pregnant (Akella Jordan, 2015). Despite the fact that teen pregnancy rates have dropped within the past twenty years, United States continues to have the highest rates of teen pregnancy in comparison to all other developed nations ( Akella Jordan, 2015). Teen pregnancy is a serious issue for a multiplicity of reasons. A teenager who hasRead MoreEssay On Teen Pregnancy1590 Words   |  7 PagesTeen Pregnancy Task 1 Teenage pregnancy has been around for thousands of years, and in the past was in fact an ideal among societies of past times, such as the Ancient Greeks, the Medieval Era, and even as late as the 20th century. Teenage women were thought to be at the prime age for baring children, and often as soon as they were married, fell pregnant. However, in this era, women have more opportunities to go further and reach higher in life, they have the chance to be successful, and to rivalRead MoreEssay About Teen Pregnancy1347 Words   |  6 Pages21 November 2017 Teen Pregnancy There is a big problem that is going on in the United States and it is teen pregnancy. The United States have the highest teen birth rates than any other western industrialized nations. Teen pregnancy does not only affect the teen and the baby, it affects everyone around them including their family and the society around them. There are solutions to teen pregnancy that does not only include the teen and their family, it includes the community. Teens need to know theRead More Views on Teens Pregnancies Through the Years Essay844 Words   |  4 PagesThe Views on Teens Pregnancies Through the Years There are many different attributes to teenage pregnancy. The majority of teenagers do not realize the consequences of their actions. Taking that into consideration the influences of the teens are highly important during the pre teen stage all the way to adult hood. During the time of this impressionable stage many of the teens are having sex not because of love, but because it is a trend. The media is glamorizing teen pregnancy and leading to a cultural

Philanthropy and Elite Social Stratification in America...

Philanthropy and Elite Social Stratification in America I. Introduction When describing social stratification in America, the essential variables are economic. This rule is valid for a high percentage of Americans; but looking only at economic stratification especially misses the point when it comes to the gap between the Old Money social elite and the New Money elite. As Francine Ostrower puts it, the social elite is an elite of status. It is characterized by solidarity within the group, social exclusivity and a distinctive cultural identity†¦[they are] a core within the larger elite (1995:12). I will examine one way that this status distinction is preserved: through the upper-class system of philanthropy, the giving of money to†¦show more content†¦Old Money elites can only maintain their status as the dominant clique by differentiating themselves according to mutually accepted, non-monetary criteria. Not any sort of differentiation will do; it must be a type that agrees with widely admired values. One such value is charity; strength, int elligence, and wealth are others. Differentiation is supported by mutual recognition. Social elites are connected by a highly interconnected social network, which helps them identify each other. In cases where that is impossible, and because of social elites’ manifest need to know the addresses of each other’s summer homes, a periodical called the Social Register is published. This publication makes possible the standard sociological method of identifying social elites, used in many famous studies such as C. Wright Mills’ The Power Elite and E. Digby Baltzell’s The Protestant Establishment. Sometimes, the net is slightly wider: in Ostrower’s studies of philanthropists, a donor is classified as a member of the social elite if he or she is listed in the Social Register, or is a member of an elite club, or is a graduate of an elite prep school (1995:12). One might argue that social elites are few because a person cannot learn to recognize so many faces. Yet when a presidential candidate is required to learn tens of thousands of faces—policymakers, benefactors, and powerbrokers—there is surely room for the social elite to recognize more than the ranks of old money.Show MoreRelatedHistory Thesis: Reconstruction Era Essay1574 Words   |  7 PagesAfter the Civil War, America was still amidst great turmoil and economic instability. During this time period, the ultimate goal for Americans was to seize the â€Å"American Dream†. This was defined by most as being able to support their family and live a comfortable life. Although some did achieve this, many faced social, political and economic hardships. Beginning with the unjust treatment of African-Americans, then the struggles of immigrants, and followed by the rise of big businesses, the challengesRead MoreCompany Overview : Caterpillar Company1664 Words   |  7 Pagesposition in the industry they are in, but are not content: their vision for the future is primarily focused on being a complete worldwide leader in which their company is seen as a leader wherever they do business. They are extremely focused on becoming elite in every aspect of their business, as well as providing as much return to their shareholders as possible. Most notably, the strategic goals for the company are summed into three areas: superior results in which their shareholder return ranks in theRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesTiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography

Compare Roman Gladiators to Modern Mma free essay sample

Compare and Contrast Essay Greg Moore South University Online When I was looking for modern items or events to compare to the past I came across something I enjoy watching. Mixed martial arts, this sport has become increasingly popular and it is not slowing down. The sport has roots back to ancient Greek and Roman times dating back to 776 B. C. Mixed martial arts or MMA is very similar to the Roman gladiators of the past, with the two combatants entering and fighting for victory. In the past mixed martial arts was called Pankrations, in Greek this means â€Å"All Powers†. Mythology stipulates that Hercules and/or Theseus created this style of fighting. The first recorded fight of Pankration was 776 B. C when it was introduced into the Olympics. There were two types of Pankrations, ano pacnkration (fight had to remain on the feet) and kato pankration (fight could be taken to the ground), that were featured during the fights. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare Roman Gladiators to Modern Mma or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These events were the primary combatant fights up until 246 B. C. when Romans introduced gladiators. Gladiators, swordsman in Latin, were ancient Rome’s choice of entertainment for the masses.Starting out as private spectacles used by aristocrats to entertain and pay homage to their family at funerals. They eventually moved to bigger amphitheaters, the biggest being Rome’s Colosseum, after the death of Julius Ceaser in 44 B. C. where the state staged fights to appease the public during times of unrest. Gladiators were normally slaves, prisoners of war, and criminals. There were some volunteer gladiators, who were paid handsomely to fight. Most gladiators were taught to fight in schools just like the fighters of today’s time.After nearly four centuries of having these fights and events their popularity began to wane. With increasing costs and introduction of Christianity within the Roman Empire helped dampen the popularity of the sport. Soon economic hardship and invading barbarians made holding these events harder and in 399 A. D. the fights were banned within Rome. Moving into the Modern Age we saw the rebirth of this style of combat starting with Pride Fighting and then Ultimate Fighting Championship. The combatants use many of the same techniques that were used in past ages, from grappling to striking.The similarities of the old fighting are not without contrasts. In ancient times they used weapons and sometimes deaths did happen. Modern day mixed martial arts is strictly regulated with judges and medical doctors. Injuries are not as severe as they previously were but blooding your opponent until they can no longer fight is still a staple of the sport. Most of the modern day fighters train in both striking and grappling styles. The wrestling style comes from the old Pankration style and striking is a mix of boxing and a form of martial arts. Unlike the two Pankration styles of fights, mixed martial arts fights combine standing and wrestling styles inside a metal cage or octagon the fighters are in. These fights are normally 15 minutes long consisting of three five minute rounds. If a fighter doesn’t win by submission or knockout the judges will have to be the decider. This also goes back to the Roman fight where most fights were either 15 minutes or to the death. If a fighter was killed during a gladiator match his handler would receive compensation for what the fighter was worth. References

Similies in the Iliad free essay sample

A passage will be extracted from the Iliad to analyze how the contents of passage are expressed and contain the similes. The selected passage describes the fight between Achilles and Hector. In fact, the scene tells how fierce Achilles chases after Hector. Furthermore, it describes how Hector gets frightened as facing his death by means of the similes: Hector looked up, saw him, started to tremble, nerve gone, he could hold his ground no longer, he left the gates behind and away he fled in fear- and Achilles went for him, fast, sure of his speed s the wild mountain hawk, the quickest thing on wings, launching smoothly, swooping down on a cringing dove and the dove flits out from under, the hawk screaming over the quarry, plunging over and over, his fury driving him down to beak and tear his kill- so Achilles flew at him, breakneck on in fury with Hector fleeing along the walls of Troy, fast as his legs would go. We will write a custom essay sample on Similies in the Iliad or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (22. 162-173) As seen above, the passage contains not only the scene of birds’ chase that the hawk swoops down on the dove but also the warriors’ running fight. Some points of contact between the narrative and the simile can be analyzed in this passage. Achilles in the narrative corresponds to the wild mountain hawk in the simile. Furthermore, the beak and wings of the hawk represent in order of Achilles’s â€Å"the Pelian ash spear†, which is mentioned right before the extracted passage, and his fast legs. Meanwhile, Hector who is pursued by Achilles in the narrative corresponds to the scared dove of being attacked by the hawk in the simile. The hawk emphasizes about Achilles’s wildness, strongness, and his side of threat in the narrative, whereas, â€Å"the quickest thing on wings† reveals Achilles as the swift runner. In the mean time, the action related to the beak of hawk in the parts of similes previews how Achilles kills Hector in the narrative. On the other hand, Hector is emphasized how he becomes weak and gets feared on the scene, in front of his death by the most powerful man in the world, by expressed as the dove which is symbolized as peaceful bird far from wildness. The similes express the details about how Achilles does a fierce attack on Hector and how Achilles frightens Hector. Otherwise, the scene can be shown just as a running fight between two great heroes. For instance, â€Å"†¦launching smoothly, swooping down on a cringing dove†¦Ã¢â‚¬  represents Achilles’s action of raiding Hector in detail. In addition to, â€Å"†¦the dove flits out from under, the hawk screaming † describes Hector as a pitiful and frail person while the scene gives an atmosphere of bloody terror. Even though Hector is a great warrior as the hero of Troy in the rest of the Iliad, this scene of fight emphasizes his another aspect by using simile of â€Å"dove† in the meantime he is described as fully feared and trembling on menace of Achilles. However, Hector does not back down while the dove cringes in the simile. In conclusion, the hawk as the simile of Achilles and the dove as the simile of Hector are well represented in this scene. But the strength of the similes is that the detail can be expressed concisely with being animated. The similes emphasize the action and character of Achilles and Hector so that readers can have a better imagination of the scene in more detail.

Essay on El Sol Que Tú Eres (Linda Ronstadt)

Essay on El Sol Que Tà º Eres (Linda Ronstadt) Essay on El Sol Que Tà º Eres (Linda Ronstadt) Essay on El Sol Que Tà º Eres (Linda Ronstadt)The song is written by Daniel Valdez and performed by Linda Ronstadt. This is a traditional Mexican song performed by the singer accompanied by musicians using traditional Mexican musical instruments. The song focuses on the theme of the praise of the narrator to the sun, which she admires and which is her only sympathizer. At the same time, the song reveals a deeper theme of sufferings of the narrator, who is not just misunderstood by her social environment but who is also exploited severely. She conveys her sufferings implicitly and uncovers hardships of her life. The problem is the revelation of the position of the narrator under the sun but the development of the narration shows that she prays for the sun as the only one, who can be sympathetic to her. On the other hand, her references to the sun are quite metaphorical since the sun may be a metaphor, which refers to the beloved of the main character of the song. She refers to him an d reveals her love and devotion, on the one hand, and complaints on her fate, on the other. The verbal message conveyed by the singer has a strong musical back-up as traditional Mexican musical instruments, especially violin that makes the song sound even more sensual and evoke a strong feeling of sympathy toward the narrator and her sufferings. The music flows smoothly with occasional raises of the pitch as emotions of the singer rise to emphasize her current emotional condition and sufferings even more. Hence, the audience perceives the song as a blend of sensual music and emotionally colored words.La Venia Bendita (Marco Antonio Solà ­s)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The song La Venia bendita by Marco Antonio Solis is the song uncovering the story of two beloved, who suffer from the separation and regret about those days that have gone and will never return, when they have love and stayed together. The song is the love song that conveys the story of two beloved. Th e narrator of the song mourns on the upcoming separation of two beloved because the narrator has to part. The narrator gives implications that he probably will never come back again and their separation will last forever till the end of their life. The narrator suffers but still he enjoys the past experience and love, which he has once had with his beloved. The narrator raises the theme of death as the inevitable way to the separation of two beloved, who cannot stay together being separated by the death. In such a way, the song brings in dark feelings of the threat of the upcoming death and separation of two beloved. At the same time, the narrator is not disenchanted into their life because the love they once have had and which they enjoyed their love. In such a way, the song conveys the controversial feeling the narrator has. On the one hand, he admires the love he had, but on the other hand, he is aware of the necessity of their separation and the death will separate them forever and put the end to their love. In this regard, the music plays an important part in the revelation of feelings of the narrator. Music is played with the help of traditional musical instruments, which convey feelings and emotions of the narrator and help the audience to share those feelings and emotions. The change of the rhythm and tone of the music helps to feel the regret of the narrator and the sensation of the love, which he once had with his beloved,Flor Silvestre (Ixya Herrera)Flor Silvestre by Ixya Herrera is a romantic, sensual song conveying the love story of the narrator and her emotional sufferings caused by challenges accompanying her love and sufferings in the course of her life. The sensual music is supported strongly by sensual music and effective changes of the tone to raise the emotional tension in the course of the song. In this regard, the song conveys the story of the narrator and uses smooth flow of the music to convey the love story of the narrator. The song un covers the story of the narrator and her beloved. The story evokes sympathy in the audience and the music enhances the verbal message conveyed by the narrator. The use of classical musical instruments, including those specific for Mexico only, helps to enhance the emotional burden of the song and makes the audience more and more involved into the song and the story it conveys. The song is therefore highly emotional and evokes sympathy in the audience, engaging listeners to enhance their feelings and emotions.Cien Aà ±os (Pedro Infante)Cien Anos by Pedro Infante is the song palyed in the traditional Mexican style with the use of traditional Mexican musical instruments. The story conveyed in the song is the classical story of the irresponsive love. The narrator of the song is uncovering his great love and passion toward his beloved but he suffers from the cold indifference of his beloved, which is unbearable for him. He cannot afford the life living without the love he has and his lo ves makes his life purposeful. The narrator of the song expresses his love openly and places emphasis on the fact that his love is insatiable and overwhelming. He cannot resist his love, even though he is aware that his beloved does not even care about him. He wants to show the true love he has toward his beloved. In such a way, the audience gets involved into his love story. The audience can hardly keep from feeling being sympathetic to the narrator, who cannot win the love of the object of his passion. However, the narrator seems to never lose his hope to make his beloved loving him. At any rate, he is ready to wait as long as possible or as impossible for he ends up the song telling that he would wait one hundred years, if necessary, to make his beloved loving him. In this regard, the use of classical Mexican instruments and the vivid, virtually picturesque music playing during the song enhances messages conveyed by the narrator. The music plays vividly and raises strong emotions in the audience. String instruments are traditional for Mexican music and they are widely used in the course of the song making it more vivid and engaging for the audience. Music seems to support words sang by the singer. In such a way, the blend of vivid, passionate music and passionate words make the song emotionally strong.

Environmental Pollution Scenario Review and Summary Research Paper

Environmental Pollution Scenario Review and Summary - Research Paper Example The paper "Environmental Pollution Scenario Review and Summary" analyzes environmental pollution scenario. There are seven measures we are to choose from as the budget allows to implement only 4 of them. Thus, when deciding which ones to choose, it is essential to use the method of elimination. In other words, it is important to define three measures, which are not very efficient and will not bring appreciable results. First of all, it is encouraging carpooling. This measure is not efficient in the modern world, as all the people have cars. In any case, they would prefer to use their own cars instead of waiting for a bus. People buy cars to make their way to work comfortable, because public transportation is not comfortable enough. This method could have been effective twenty years ago, but not now. Moreover, people want to be free and not to adjust to buses’ schedule. Buses will not be used by people, and the introduction of them will just add to the environmental pollution. The same can be stated about the encouraging of alternative transportation. People know pretty well that walking is useful for their health, but when they risk being late for work in the morning, they usually do not think about this usefulness. Several extra minutes spent drinking coffee in the morning are valuable for many people with an active way of life. They buy cars to have these extra minutes. Pollution control legislation for point sources also will not bring good results as people usually do not approve. of such laws and they do not work. The trouble is that such legislation demands much from the business owners and they prefer to actively reject such laws. The cruel laws of business make business owners think first of all about getting more income and reducing expenses, thus, there is very little chance that they would prefer to sacrifice their positions at the market in order to help save the environment. They prefer to consider such laws to be the measures taken to preve nt them from conducting successful activity. It is essential not to issue the laws, but to act. Four remaining items will really help reduce pollution, thus, the funds should be spent to implement them. The first important step is to establish green spaces or urban forestry. The development of the city demands building new houses and this usually requires eliminating some green spaces (Harding, 2006). However, if such a situation occurs, it is necessary to reimburse the losses by establishing new green spaces near the new building. The second essential step is to improve the roads as good roads help the cars make fewer emissions. This is one of the most expensive measures, but it is very essential to implement it. Promoting fuel-efficient cars is a very important measure that is taken in almost every developed country today. Such measure really can help save our environment and reduce pollution. Certainly, it demands much expense, but the game is worth the candle. Fuel-efficient car s should be manufactured and widely used by the people to save our environment, thus, it is essential to encourage people to use them. The last essential step is random emission testing, and it will serve to evaluate the changes the first three

Family Having a Child with Life-Limiting Illness Thesis

Family Having a Child with Life-Limiting Illness - Thesis Example Consequently, the number of children with terminal diseases continues increasing, raising the cost of their care at family and national levels. Many research studies have been conducted to investigate the financial impact of life-limiting disabilities on medical care budgets of various countries, especially in the developed world. A study conducted by Michelson and Steinhorn (2007) in England investigated the palliative costs of managing various types of life-limiting disabilities on children. Though the study focused on particular standards needed to cater for patients suffering from a particular life-limiting disorder, it gave insights of financial costs that such life-limiting disorders have on families. Majority of all life-limiting conditions require palliative care and in children, such care is concerned with controlling the symptoms and maintaining the good quality of life of the child for the uncertain period before the child dies (Michelson & Steinhorn 2007). Though the deat h of children with the life-limiting condition is usually expected, it is difficult to determine when and how such children will die. Therefore, caregivers of people with such conditions are faced with financial challenges of preparing the patients until death. EAPC (2007) noted that though children’s palliative care at national level supports children and young persons diagnosed with life-limiting conditions, the inclusion of children with other types of disabilities often puts an extra strain on the care of such patients. According to Chochinov (2005) majority of children, hospices depend on charitable organizations for funding which in most cases is short-term and inconsistent. Others rely on short-term grants and statutory funds that are similarly unreliable and as a result, most parents use vast resources to add life to the child is remaining years to supplement the funding for their children’s care. There are different categories of life-limiting disorders most o f which are rare with unique symptoms. Consequently, it is difficult to determine the needs and care of children with life-limiting disorders. According to Dangel (2005), a strong relationship exists between the requirements of children in need of palliative care and those with other disabilities requiring complex care. However, those in need of palliative care are usually in an unstable state, requiring a different type of care according to their state of health at any given time. This is in contrast with other types of disabilities, which are generally in a constant state, making it easy to manage and plan for their needs. The unpredictable nature of life-limiting disorders makes it more expensive to manage, plan and take care of the sufferer than in children with other disabilities (Dangel, 2005).

Leadership Style Essay Example for Free

Leadership Style Essay Manama Logistics Company (MLC) has hired you to supervise the company’s move from downtown Manama to Isa Town. It is expected that there will be some discontentment amongst staff (as listed in the case study) It is important that you understand the different types of leadership styles, and decide what would be the best styles for you to use in the situations outlined in the case study. It is important to remember that different styles are necessary for different situations. Leadership issues are often influenced by behaviour patterns. People (supervisors and workers) generally display behaviours that are aggressive, passive or assertive. Research these three behaviours so you understand the traits of each and can describe how they relate to supervision and leadership issues. In your report to the Board describe the leadership styles you have chosen and give justification for them. You will need to identify more than one style, and give examples of when each is appropriate to use. There are four main leadership styles, and several other recognised styles. Check with your tutor if you are not sure if you have identified the main styles. You need to identify these four main styles and one other relevant leadership method, so you have a deeper understanding of leadership behaviours in various situations, and identify what is effective and what is not and why. Use APA referencing and in-text referencing throughout your Progress Report. For your first Progress Report: 1. PART A – as a group Describe the following behaviours: a. Aggressive b. Passive c. Assertive Give examples of how people display these behaviours – include words, attitudes and non verbal body language. Identify and research the four main leadership styles * describe what each style is. * explain generaly what type of situation it is appropriate to use them * describe the advantages and disadvantages of each style * give examples from the case study of when each one might be appropriate PART B Individual Contribution(20 marks) Write around 300 – 500 words looking at different leadership styles. Define two different leadership styles, (other than the four identified earlier above).(10 marks /5 each) Give 5 advantages and 5 disadvantages for using both of these leadership styles. (10 marks /1 each) TURNITIN SUBMISSION You must submit only ONE copy of the group progress report (Chairperson may do this and include their individual contribution with the group report). Other group members need to submit their individual contribution via Moodle, using Turnitin by 23:59 hours on Saturday 21 September. You will need to use your own words in your report to ensure you do not exceed the permitted 30% of copied material. Please note: if you don’t reference your resources, you will get a 0% for your progress report. PART C Individual Forum Posting Each student is required to submit a forum posting once per module. The timing, completion and quality of these postings will contribute to 15% of your individual assessment. Posting 1 due to be completed by Thursday 12 September before 2.00pm.(17 marks) Write around 300 – 400 words covering: * which behaviour you think is the best communication style to use if you were the supervisor for Manama Logistics Company. Justify why. * look up and explain one additional style other than the three (assertive, aggressive, passive) already mentioned * Complete the Hot Potatoes exercise on Moodle - Marking Schedule for Problem One: Leadership Styles Group Name †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Each Progress Report is marked out of 100% contributing to a total weighting of 35% of the final mark. Progress Report 1 Group Protocols and Leadership Styles| | | Team protocols completed and signed by all members of the team Ensure a group name with ID and names of all group members is included.| | 4| | Behaviours: aggressive, passive, and assertive are defined| 3 marks each behav| 9| | Examples of how behaviours are displayed are explained (including words, attitudes and nonverbal body language| 3 marks each behav| 9| | Four leadership styles are described in detail.| 4 marks each style| 16| | Describe where it is generally appropriate to use the 4 leadership styles eg military| 3 marks each style| 12| | Advantages of 4 leadership styles are discussed| 2 marks ea| 8| | Disadvantages of 4 leadership styles are discussed| 2 marks e a| 8| | What leadership style does your group recommend they use for the move to overcome staff resistance to the change – use the 7 case study examples (traffic issues, further to travel, new training requirements etc) and the leadership style your group recommends| 2 marks ea| 14| | GROUP TOTAL | | 80| *| All Individual contributions are handed in and are relevant and comprehensive as per marking guide.| | 20| + * See Below| Total:| | 100| = * See Below| Comments: NAME*GROUP TOTAL+*INDIVIDUAL TOTAL= /100

Free Narrative Essays - The Battle of the Bands :: Personal Narrative Essays

The Battle of the Bands The best and worst two days of my life took place at Bogarts with my band Radioactive Weasel last month. We had practiced daily for near three years, and our group decided to pull together again and enter "The Battle of the Bands." This was the first time we sparingly paid fifty dollars to perform anywhere. All the other competitions we had entered were mail in tapes and then wait for a response. We got out of bed at five in the morning, then raced to our drummer's house. Loaded on uppers, practiced four and a half hours to perfect our original songs, we were to play that night. Pumped and ready to get started we packed the van with our drums and guitars then started our journey to Clifton for our show. As usual, we got there way to early, so we did what any fun seeking under aged musicians would do. We searched the allies and found a half passed out drunk and took him to the local bar, then got a few beers each before the show. We then returned to draw numbers for the order of the bands. I eagerly pushed my way to the front of all the other bands, being the obnoxious prick I am, and drew the first card. Unfortunately I drew the second band on stage out of nine. The best position to be in is about fourth or fifth band because that is when the crowd starts getting into the music. Pissed off I haphazardly wandered back to my group to inform them of my greatest mistake. We loaded the equipment into the worlds slowest elevator, and stumbled our way to the backstage lounge. After I had read graffiti covered walls until my heart was content I noticed much writing by some of my favorite groups like Nine Inch Nails, Marilyn Mansion, Korn, and The Dead Milkmen. Inspired by them I also signed the wall with some chosen words. The time had rolled around for the first band to hit the stage. Excited, we rushed our way into the mosh pit, (in my mind the only place to be). Screams turned into whispers as Pieces entered the stage in a cowardly

A new media and its impact Essay

The more time you spend in India, the more you realize that this country is one of the world’s greatest wonders a miracle with a message. And the message is that democracy matters†. India is one of such paradises on earth where you can speak your heart out without the fear of  someone gunning you down for that, or, it has been until  now. Article 19 of the Indian Constitution provides freedom of speech as the fundamental right embodied in part III. This Art. give fundamental right to every citizen to enjoy freedom of speech without hurting the other. Even if the situation of Indians is a lot better than that of their fellow citizens of other nations, the picture is not really soothing or mesmerizing for Indians any more. This observation is being made with regard to the exercise of the right of freedom of speech and expression in the context of social media. Social media in present world have become an important part of individual’s life. Almost all the people in the world are becoming part of social media even judges have also been influenced by this social media. This Social media sometime affect the judgement of court. Judge as a human being also use social media i.e. Facebook, Tweeter blog etc. Fundamental right to speech and expression has been hampered by the arbitrary use of the so called cyber laws of the nation,  particularly Section 66A of the Information Technology Act, 2000. This section gives arbitrary power to police to arrest person by interpreting this section for their use. Because of this arbitrariness the section 66A of IT act is unconstitutional and should be stuck down by the court of law. Before delving into the issue in details, it is but desirable to first understand the concepts of social media and freedom of speech and expression. SOCIAL MEDIA Social media comprises primarily internet and mobile phone based tools for sharing and discussing information. It blends technology, telecommunications, and social interaction and  provides a platform to communicate  through words, pictures, films, and  music. Social media includes web- based and mobile technologies used to turn communication into interactive dialogue. Andreas Kaplan and Michael Haenlein define social media as â€Å"A group of internet -Based application that build on the ideological and technological foundation of Web 2.0, and allow the creation and exchange of user- Generated context. † â€Å"Web 2. 0† refers to Internet platforms that allow for interactive participation by users. â€Å"User generated content† is the name for all of the ways in which people may use social media. FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND EXPRESSION Freedom of speech and expression is broadly understood as the notion that every person has the natural right to free ly express themselves through any media and frontier without outside interference, such as censorship, and without fear of reprisal, such as threats and  persecutions. This  is  because  freedom  of  expression is not absolute and carries with it special duties and responsibilities therefore it may be subject to certain restrictions provided by law. The following are some of the most commonly agreed upon definitions of freedom of expression that are  considered as valid international standards: â€Å"Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. †1   â€Å"Everyone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either  orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice. †2 Similarly, Article 19 (1) (a) of the Constitution of India also confers on the citizens of India the right â€Å"to freedom of speech and expression†. The freedom of speech and expression means the right to express one’s convictions and opinions freely by word of mouth, writing, printing,  pictures  or  any  other  mode. In the light of Moon’s argument, the importance of freedom of speech and expression while using social media can be better understood. FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND EXPRESSION AND SOCIAL MEDIA/INTERNET The Internet and Social Media has become a vital communications tool through which individuals can exercise their right of freedom of expression and exchange information and ideas. In the past year or so, a growing movement of people around the world has been witnessed who are advocating for change, justice, equality, accountability of the powerful and respect for human rights. In such movement, the internet and social media has often played a key role by enabling people to connect and exchange  information  instantly  and  by creating a sense of solidarity. Emphasising the importance of internet, the UN Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression in his Report, which was submitted to the Human Rights Council, stated that the internet has become a key means by which individuals can exercise their right to freedom and expression and hence, internet access is a human right. Report further stressed that States should ensure that internet access is maintained at all times, even during times of political unrest. Describing new media as a global network to exchange ideas and opinions that does not necessarily rely on the traditional mass media, the Committee stated that the States should take all necessary steps to foster the independence of these new media and also ensure access to them. Moreover, Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Right and Article 19(2) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Right also provides for freedom of speech and expression even in case of internet and social  media. Thus, it is seen that freedom of speech and expression is recognized as a fundamental right in whatever medium it is exercised under the Constitution of India and other  international documents. RESTRICTIONS ON FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND EXPRESSION The freedom of speech and expression does not confer on the citizens the right to speak or  publish  without  responsibility. It  is  not  an  upbraided  license  giving  immu nity  for  every possible use  of language and  prevents punishment  for those  who abuse  this freedom. Article19 (3) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Right imposes restrictions on the following grounds: (a)For respect of the rights of reputations of others (b) For protection of national security, or public order, or public health or morals. As per Article 19(2) of the Constitution of India, the legislature may enact laws to impose restrictions on the right to speech and expression on the following grounds: (a) Sovereignty and integrity of India Security of the State (c) Friendly relations with foreign States (d) Public order (e) Decency or morality (f) Contempt of court (g) Defamation (h)   Incitement to an offence CYBER LAWS OF INDIA AND SOCIAL MEDIA Although there is no specific legislation in India which deals with social media, there are several provisions in the existing so-called cyber laws which can be used to seek redress in case of violation of any rights in the cyber space, internet and social media. The legislations and the relevant provisions are specifically enumerated as under: The Information Technology Act, 2000 (a) Under Chapter XI of the Act, Sections 65, 66, 66A, 6C, 66D, 66E, 66F, 67, 67A and67B contain punishments for computer related offences which can also be committed through social media viz. tampering with computer source code, committing computer  related offences given under Section 43, sending offensive messages through communication services, identity theft, cheating by personation using computer  resource, violation of privacy, cyber terrorism, publishing or transmitting obscene material in electronic form,material containing sexually explicit act in electronic form, material depicting children in sexually explicit act in electronic form, respectively. Section 66A of the Information Technology Act, 2000 Of all these provisions, Section 66A has been in news in recent times, albeit for all the wrong reasons. Section 66 A of Information Technology Act 2000 which provide for the punishment for sending offensive messages through communicatio n service provide three years punishment and fine or both for sending message of grossly offensive or menacing character. For example: Fake profile of president by imposter, fake profile had been made by imposter in the name of formal President Hon’ble Pratibha Devi Patil, on social networking website, Facebook . In another case of Bomb Hoax mail case, A 15 year-old teenage of Bangalore in 2009 was arrested by the cyber-crime investigation cell (CCIC) for allegedly sending a hoax e-mail to a private news channel. 66A. Punishment for sending offensive messages through communication service, etc. Any person who sends, by means of a computer resource or a communication device,— (a) any information that is grossly offensive or has menacing character; or (b) any information which he knows to be false, but for the purpose of causing annoyance, inconvenience, danger, obstruction, insult, injury, criminal intimidation, enmity, hatred, or ill will, persistently by making use of such computer resource or a communication device, shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and with fine  shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and with fine. Section 66A which punishes persons for sending offensive messages is overly broad, and curbs freedom of speech and expression and violates Articles 14, 19 and 21 of the Constitution. Justice Bhagwati in Maneka Gandhi case3 said that a law should be just, fair and reasonable. Formal Chief Justice Altamas Kabir and Justice J. Chelameswar, noted that the wording of Section66A is not satisfactory. It is made very wide and can apply to all kinds of comments. The fact that some information is â€Å"grossly offensive† (s. 66A(a)) or that it causes â€Å"annoyance† or â€Å"inconvenience† while being known to be false (s. 66A(c)) cannot be a reason for curbing the freedom of speech unless it is directly related to decency or morality, public order, or defamation (or any of the four other grounds listed in Art. 19(2)). There is no clear explanation of those words in this section. The expressions used in the Section are â€Å"vague† and â€Å"ambiguous† and that 66A is subject to â€Å"wanton abuse† in view of the subjective powers conferred on the police to interpret the law. It give excess power to administration for example: On February 6, 2013, Sanjay Chaudhary was arrested under section 66A of the Information Technology (IT) Act for posting ‘objectionable comments and caricatures’ of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, Union Minister Kapil Sibal and Samajwadi Party president Mulayam Singh Yadav on his Facebook wall. However, the incident that rocked the nation was the arrest last November of two young women, Shaheen Dadha and her friend Renu Srinivasan, for a comment posted on Facebook that questioned the shutdown of Mumbai following the demise of Shiv Sena Supremo Bal Thackeray. Looking at the construction of that word of Sec 66(A), it unintentionally prevent organisations from using proxy servers. Furthermore, it may also prevent remailers, tunneling, and other forms of ensuring anonymity online. This doesn’t seem to be what is intended by the legislature. According to Government of India, section 66A, introduced in the 2009 amendments to the IT Act, has been taken from Section 127 of the U. K. Communications Act, 2003 it has already read down by HOUSE OF LORDS on the grounds that Parliament of U. K. could not have intended to criminalise statements that one person may reasonably find to be polite and acceptable and another may decide to be ‘grossly offensive and regard that section as U. K. ’s worst provisions MEANING OF TERM â€Å"GROSSLY OFFENSIVE† In Director of Public Prosecutions v. Collins4 case before House Of Lords, arising out of racist references in messages left by a constituent on the answering machine of a British MP, the House of Lords laid down a seminal test for determining whether a message is ‘grossly offensive. ’ Justices must apply the standards of an open and just multi-racial society, and that the words must be judged taking account of their context and all relevant circumstances. † The House of Lords added that â€Å"there can be no yardstick of gross offensiveness otherwise than by the application of reasonably enlightened, but not perfectionist, contemporary standards to the particular  message sent in its particular context. † Most importantly, the House of Lords held that whether a message was grossly offensive did not depend merely on the degree of offence taken by the complainant but on whether it violates the basic standards of an open and just multi-racial society. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SEC. 127 OF U. K. COMMUNICATION ACT, 2003 AND SEC. 66A OF I T ACT Section 66A (a) refers to the sending of any information through a communication service that is ‘grossly offensive’ or has ‘menacing character’. In the U. K., Section 127(1)(a) makes the sending of ‘matter that is grossly offensive or of an indecent, obscene or menacing character’ an offence. The punishment for the offence in Section 127(1) is a maximum of six months’ imprisonment or a fine of ? 5,000 while Section 66A imposes a much more serious punishment of imprisonment up to three years and a fine without limit. Therefore, Section 66A(b) of the IT Act is not the same as Section 127(1)(b) of the U. K . Communications Act, 2003 in terms of scope of the offence or the punishment. PUNISHMENT – ARTICLE 14 ; 21 OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION Punishment under this act appeared to be violative of Article 21 (right to life) and Article 14 (non-discrimination/equality). This law is not consistent with the notions of fairness while it imposes an equal punishment for different intensive offence. Section is unreasonable and arbitrary in nature. Punishment for this purposes disparate belonged together in a single clause is quite astounding and without parallel (except in the rest of the IT Act). That’s akin to having a single provision providing equal punishment for calling someone a moron (â€Å"insult†) and threatening to kill someone (â€Å"criminal intimidation†). There is no countervailing interest in criminalizing false and persistent â€Å"insults†, etc. , that will allow those parts of this provision to survive the test of ‘reasonableness’ under Art. 19(2). Constitution of India is much stronger than that of the unwritten constitution of United Kingdom. In India, Judiciary has the power of judicial review, whereas in United Kingdom parliament is consider supreme. Putting those two aspects together, a law that is valid in the United Kingdom might well be unconstitutional in India for failing to fall within the eight octagonal walls of the reasonable restrictions allowed under Art. 19(2). That raises the question of how they deal with such broad wording in the UK. SECTION 66A – ARTICLE 19 OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION Section 66A of IT act violates Art. 19 of Indian constitution. This section is against the fundamental right to speech and expression. Right under Art. 19 is not absolute right. Art. According to the government, section 66A is the reasonable restriction that is imposed on freedom of speech and expression but Under Article 19(2), restrictions on freedom of speech and expression are reasonable if they pertain to any of the listed grounds, such as sovereignty and integrity of India, etc. But under Section 66A, restrictions have been placed on freedom of speech and expression on several other grounds, apart from those mentioned in the Constitution. Therefore it is violates Art. The current equivalent laws in USA is US Federal Anti-Cyber-Stalking law, this law prohibit harassment or stalking legislation. This act awards punishment up to one year or fine of up to $ 1000. In Australia, the Stalking Amendment Act (1999) was introduce to include the use of any form of technology to harass a target as forms of â€Å"criminal stalking. † In Poland Stalking, there is Polish Criminal Code 2011 which including cyber stalking as a criminal offence, this act awards six month punishment SOCIAL MEDIA – JUDICIARY Improved communications technology and social media, such as Twitter, Google + and Facebook, are changing the face of journalism. Media like affecting all the institutions of the Government also affect the Judiciary. It completely overlooks the vital gap between an accused and a convict keeping at stake the golden principles of ‘presumption of innocence until proven guilty’ and ‘guilt beyond reasonable doubt’. Media itself does a separate investigation, builds a public opinion against the accused even before the court takes cognizance of the case. By this way, it prejudices the public and sometimes even judges and as a result the accused, that should be assumed innocent, is presumed as a criminal leaving all his rights and liberty unredressed. Results in characterizing him as a person who had indeed committed the crime, it amounts to undue interference with the â€Å"administration of justice†, calling for proceedings for contempt of court against the media. Other than this, Twitter, Facebook, and other forms of social media are causing difficulties for judges who are trying to administer fair trials. For example, what rules should there be, if any, on whether judges tweet during a case? Should courts be able to monitor the social-networking contacts of attorneys during a trial, and what about witnesses or even parties? Should there be limits on all use or just limits on what is said? The questions seem endless, and the answers certainly are not easy. Should judges or their campaigns be able to use Facebook and have â€Å"friends† that may be potential parties before the court or attorneys appearing in court? Is it appropriate for judges to have a personal Facebook page separate from a professional one, or is that activity unbecoming the judiciary?. Right now there is a patchwork of rulings on these issues but, for the most part, no definitive rules exist. If there are no rules, it can become a treacherous terrain for media-savvy judges to navigate. Some of the people are totally against the blog of judges but some other advocate that and see it as a way to educate the public about the court function. CONCLUSION It is clearly evident that social media is a very powerful means of exercising one’s freedom of speech and expression. However, it is also been increasingly used for illegal acts which has given force to the Government’s attempts at censoring social media. Where on the one hand, the misuse of social media entails the need for legal censorship, on the other hand, there are legitimate fears of violation of civil rights of people as an inevitable consequence of censorship. What is therefore desirable is regulation of social media, not its censorship. However, the present cyber laws of India are neither appropriate nor adequate in this respect. An analysis of the existing IT laws shows that there is unaccountable and immense power in the hands of the Government while dealing with security in the cyber space. Even then, it is not sufficient to check the misuse of social media. Section 66A certainly does not engage in the delicate balancing required to pursue the legitimate objective of preventing criminal intimidation and danger through social media without going no further than required in a democratic society to achieve that end. The drafters of Section 66A(b) have equated known criminal offences in the real world with acts such as causing annoyance and inconvenience that can never constitute an offence in the real world and should not be offences in the virtual world. Therefore, the legislative restrictions on freedom of speech in Section 66A (b) cannot be considered as being necessary to achieve a legitimate objective. Section 66A should not be considered a ‘reasonable restriction’ within the meaning of Article 19 of the Constitution and must be struck down as an unconstitutional restriction on freedom of speech. If political speech, that is, criticism of politicians and exposure of corruption continues to be punished by arrest instead of being protected, India’s precious democracy and free society will be no more. Hence, a specific legislation is desirable to regulate social media. However, there are many practical difficulties which may arise while doing so. There is a very thin line which demarcates the enjoyment of one’s right and the violation of the enjoyment of else’s right in the process. In social media, the exercise of freedom of speech and expression by one may result in the invasion of privacy and defamation. The provision should be made in accordance with the reasonable restriction provided under article 19(2) of Indian Constitution. While persistent false communications for the purpose of annoying, insulting, inconveniencing, or causing ill will should not be criminalized (if need be, having it as a civil offence would more than suffice), doing so for the purpose of causing danger or criminal intimidation should. A provision is needed to penalise hoax bomb threats, then the provision clearly should not be mentioning words like â€Å"annoyance†, and should not be made â€Å"persistent†. The act should define the punishment according to the malic intension of the offender, less punishment should be awarded for less intensity of offence. Media should not be allowed to call a person as an accused before a court of law held that person as an accused. A blog or a Facebook account should be made in the name of Courts, to provide information on legal issue.

Literature Review on Domestic Violence Essay - 2309 Words

What Makes a Person Violent: Literature Review Since the beginning of the human race, domestic violence has been present. However, it was not until recent centuries that people began to look at it as a crime. To many people, in many cultures, domestic violence was seen as not only acceptable, but necessary in some situations. In a study conducted by Hines and Saudino (2002), domestic violence in close, intimate relationships is a country wide problem within the United States. The last nationally conducted survey found that an estimated 16 percent of married Americans experienced domestic violence within the previous year. That means that approximately 8.7 million couples have been affected by domestic violence (Hines, Saudino 2002).†¦show more content†¦Weldon and Gilchrist (2012) interviewed six male perpetrators serving prison sentences in Scotland. They asked the offenders general questions about their thoughts and feelings in regards to violence. They also included quest ions about each offenders past and childhood experiences. The most common answer given by the perpetrators was that violence was normal to them (Weldon and Gilchrist 2012). It was something that they were used to and had seen many times. These findings however, did not only apply to intimate relationships, but rather to life in general. They exhibited violent behaviors throughout their life. Overall, studies that focus on the power of the social learning theory, have found that there is a strong correlation between witnessing or being victim to abuse in childhood, and being violent towards your intimate partner in adulthood. Physiological Factors Research on domestic violence has focused on several areas which are believed to play a role in explaining abusive behavior. The first area discussed is a predisposition to increased heart response to slight agitation. Lavinia et. al. 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